Through the back door to bigger retirement savings

For people looking to build a balanced retirement savings portfolio, a Roth IRA can serve as a great companion to an employer plan such as a 401(k). But if you earn too much money, you may not qualify to invest fully – or at all – in a Roth IRA. And no matter how much you earn, you may find that contribution limits prevent you from building as fat a fund as you’d like.

Fortunately, there are “backdoor” strategies that may help you get around these limitations. Here’s what you need to know.

Backdoor Roth IRA

Once your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) tops $138,000 for single filers or $218,000 if married and filing jointly, the IRS begins phasing out your ability to invest directly in a Roth IRA.

But you can contribute after-tax dollars to a traditional IRA, then shortly thereafter convert those funds to a Roth IRA. Because there are no income limits restricting your ability to put after-tax dollars in a regular IRA, you can use this backdoor strategy to build a Roth IRA no matter how much you earn.

You can’t go through this backdoor if you own any IRAs with any pretax dollars in them. The reasons for that are complicated, but it all boils down to two IRS rules (the pro rata rule and the aggregation rule). Consulting your financial advisor and tax professional prior to doing a backdoor Roth is a smart move, to ensure that you’re following every rule.

Mega backdoor Roth IRA

If your problem is not how much you earn but the size of contribution limits, there’s a mega backdoor strategy that could help boost your savings.

For 2023, the limits on how much you can contribute to an IRA are $6,500, or $7,500 if you’re over 50. A mega backdoor strategy may empower you to put away much more than that.

Your current employer must offer a 401(k) or 403(b) plan, and you must pay into it. Whichever of those plans you use must also allow employees to make after-tax contributions into the plan, which count above and beyond employee elective deferral limits.

This is simplest to achieve if your employer offers a Roth option attached to its retirement plans, one that supports in-plan conversions to the Roth – that’s your mega backdoor to a bigger retirement fund.

There are plan-specific limits on how much you may contribute in after-tax dollars to convert into the Roth, and are other rules affecting whether you can apply a backdoor strategy and how big a fund you can build. Again, a chat with your financial and tax advisors is an essential step in any backdoor plan.

Pros of backdoor Roth IRAs:

• You may still be able to fund a Roth IRA even if your income is above IRS limits.
• If you have access to an employer plan with a Roth feature, you may be able to save more than the usual IRA limits.
• Because the money going into the Roth has already been taxed, you can take tax-free distributions in retirement.

Cons of backdoor Roth IRAs:

• Not everyone will be eligible to apply a backdoor or mega backdoor approach.
• Typically, only high earners benefit.
• Both require careful planning with a tax professional.

Raymond James (USA) Ltd. advisors may only transact business with residents of the states and/or jurisdictions for which they are properly registered. The information above is from sources believed to be reliable, however, we cannot represent that it is accurate or complete and it should not be considered personal tax advice. We are not tax advisors and we recommend that clients seek independent advice from a professional advisor on tax-related and legal matters. Raymond James (USA) Ltd., member FINRA/SIPC.